How did the final generation of Ottoman Muslim scholarship see the revolution in public morals taking place in their society? In this book, as deeply resonant with Muslims of today as it was for those of his own time, the Ottoman Seyh?lislam Mu??afa ?abri Efendi offers a cutting and farsighted critique of the spread of Western gender norms in Muslim societies. From the pinnacle of Islamic scholarship, this first complete English translation from Shaykh ?abri's corpus deconstructs the errors of modernist opposition to the hallmarks of traditional Muslim society, such as polygamy, gender segregation, and modest dress.