Proteins in Pathology and Physiology

Proteins are biopolymeric structures that are made up of amino acids. They are essential for the body as they are an important constituent of cells. Proteins are also involved in important physiological and biochemical processes such as biochemical reactions, hormonal signalling, cell-receptor interactions, apoptosis, etc. Proteins are characterized based on their structures. There are four structural levels, namely, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The primary structure of proteins is made up of linear order of amino acid residues that are connected via peptide bonds. Secondary protein structure consists of alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, and beta-turn, and these shapes are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The tertiary protein structure consists of a 3D shape and it is formed by the interaction of the polypeptide chain backbone with an aqueous environment. Quarternary protein structure is formed from multiple polypeptide chains called subunits. Body requires proteins for growth and maintenance of cells and tissues. They are involved in various functions such as supporting the regulation and expression of the DNA and RNA, moving essential molecules in the body, supporting muscle contraction and movement, etc. The aim of this book is to present researches on the physiological and pathological aspects of proteins. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.