The book is divided into two sections. The first half provides a historiography of the literature on state formation from antiquity to the present day. In the second, Gordon identifies a new theme using the methodologies of economic history, the history of economic thought, and the history of ideas. His interdisciplinary approach demonstrates that the process of state formation is best understood through the prism of science, economy, and culture. The narrative highlights significant events and institutions as markers of change in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern era. The core of the book focuses on England's economic culture and its impact on state management. University elites in science and Aristotle's philosophy educated literate and numerate professionals for the Royal court. They became indispensable for the ever-growing complexity of governing. England was unique because it embraced statistical thinking and quantitative reasoning at the heart of the English State.