This text provides an understanding of human resource management practices in the People’s Republic of China and comparisons with HRM practices in western countries. The authors explore the development of HRM in the Chinese context and the pertinent issues facing western organizations investing in the PRC. Research from surveys in Hong Kong and the PRC is used to provide evidence of the unique philosophical and cultural context in which HRM takes place in the PRC. In the final chapter utilising concepts from complex adaptive systems theory, the authors present an understanding of the ways in which western and Chinese HRM could contribute to and progress towards greater organizational effectiveness in the western and Chinese business environments.