French Trade in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century

This work deals with French trade in Istanbul in the 18th century, using French and Ottoman sources, and integrating the political and social dimensions of the question. It also sheds light on the financial dimension of trade, particularly that of bills of exchange and monetary trade, linking Istanbul to other Ottoman cities and to European financial centres. Finally, it tackles the issue of Western economic penetration, arguing that, despite some signs of domination, French control over the market was efficiently opposed by locals, that economic integration with the West was often realized on equal terms, and that much of the domination witnessed toward the end of the century was, in fact, the result of French diplomatic leverage and of the gradual estrangement of non-Muslim traders from the Ottoman commonwealth .