The study of heresy and heterodoxy and of belief in magic, witchcraft and the Devil has in last quarter of the 20th century made advances in the understanding of art and inconography, ideas, mentality and belief, and ordinary life and popular imagination in the patristic and medieval periods. Jeffrey B. Russell has written numerous books and articles in this area of study and to mark his retirement 17 scholars from Europe and North America - historians of art, the church, religion, and ideas - have contributed papers to this volume. Topics dealt with include: elves, witches, the Christian apocrypha, hell, and other Christian encounters with non-believers.