Mediaeval history, whether of the East or the West, is mostly a record of bloodshedding and cruelty; and the Middle Age has been prolonged to our own time in most parts of the Balkans, and is not yet over in some parts. There are certain things salutary to bear in mind when we think or speak of any part of that country today. Contents: - BULGARIA. - The Arrival of the Bulgars in the Balkan Peninsula, 600-700 - The Early Years of Bulgaria and the Introduction of Christianity, 700-893 - The Rise and Fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, 893-972 - The Rise and Fall of ‘Western Bulgaria’ and the Greek Supremacy, 963-1186 - The Rise and Fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1186-1258 - The Serbian Supremacy and the Final Collapse, 1258-1393 - The Turkish Dominion and the Emancipation, 1393-1878 - The Aftermath, and Prince Alexander of Battenberg, 1878-86 - The Regeneration under Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, 1886-1908 - The Kingdom, 1908-13 - SERBIA. - The Serbs under Foreign Supremacy, 650-1168 - The Rise and Fall of the Serbian Empire and the Extinction of Serbian Independence, 1168-1496 - The Turkish Dominion, 1496-1796 - The Liberation of Serbia under Kara-George (1804-13) and Milos Obrenovic (1815-30): 1796-1830 - The Throes of Regeneration: Independent Serbia, 1830-1903 - Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serbo-Croats in Austria-Hungary, 1903-8 - Serbia and Montenegro, and the two Balkan Wars, 1908-13 - GREECE. By ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE. - From Ancient to Modern Greece - The Awakening of the Nation - The Consolidation of the State - RUMANIA: HER HISTORY AND POLITICS. By D. MITRANY - Introduction - Formation of the Rumanian Nation - The Foundation and Development of the Rumanian Principalities - The Phanariote Rule - Modern Period to 1866 - Contemporary Period: Internal Development - Contemporary Period: Foreign Affairs - Rumania and the Present War - TURKEY. By D. G. HOGARTH - Origin of the Osmanlis - Expansion of the Osmanli Kingdom - Heritage and Expansion of the Byzantine Empire - Shrinkage and Retreat - Revival - Relapse - Revolution - The Balkan War - The Future