This study is based on the main aspects of payment for environmental services (PES). Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is considered a promising mechanism for solving some problems related to the degradation of ecosystems due to anthropogenic action. PES occurs when beneficiaries are willing to pay providers who adopt conservation practices or preserve forested areas. This book will analyse definitions of forms of environmental payment and their implementation as an economic instrument, effectiveness and efficiency in the economic market, social aspects and the value of protecting ecosystems. The fundamentals and main aspects of payment for environmental services mechanisms were analysed. The conclusion is that this is a promising project with the potential to be equitable, effective and efficient, which already represents recognition of its importance, as well as a step forward for environmental conservation. Likewise, the lessons learnt can subsidise the structuring and public management of future public policies and PES projects.