Tribute System and Rulership in Late Imperial China

Demanding and offering tribute is a most common feature in human societies and nothing special to China. In the course of the development of Neolithic and later societies social classes have developed where persons who achieved superior positions first could demand presents or tribute from neighboring societies they defeated and then, with the assistance of sturdy servants from their own people. China was certainly no exception to that principle and one of the first terms for tax was thus gong, tribute. In Chinas early, feudatory social system, tribute was demanded from lower political entities, and the mutual political relations were already highly developed during the Zhou dynasty (1045256 BCE). This system of inner Chinese relations became a sort of matrix when China expanded and achieved contact with countries which were more or less independent, and thus the tribute system evolved. The individual case studies in this volume focus on the latest manifestations of the tribute system in late Imperial China.