The history of the great empires in Eastern Europe and in the Near and Middle East was not only marked by conflicts and competition but also by a futile exchange leading to intensive interconnections. From the 16th until the beginning of the 20th century a large number of social and cultural ties between Poland-Lithuania, the Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire and Persia can be found. Supported by several groups and individuals such as merchants, scholars, diplomates, migrants, militaries or slaves a strong exchange of humans, products and ideas were realised. Therefore, transottoman interactive relationships evolved during different time periods and different social spaces. The present volume presents not only a methodical research overview but also transregional ties, which have not been the subject of a systematic historical study so far.