The opening first of the Soviet and subsequently Russianeconomy finally exposed it legitimately to global standards;so too, the management of research and development (R&D),which is the subject of this book. The work offers anup-to-date review of the status of Soviet R&D and itspositionin the Soviet-style economic system, based on theuse of previously unpublished sources (including personalinterviews) and existing Western literature. The studyprovides a thorough historical and international comparisonof the extent of resources constituting the Soviet R&Dcommunity and its effort and output to a wide range of largeand small, Western and Eastern nations. A key aspect of thebook is the emphasisof valuable elements of the R&Destablishment and accompanying components created under theformer communist regime in essentially Russia’s bid torejoin the world scientific and economic communities, and todiscuss the requirements for a new style of R&D managementto complement such a formidable goal. The book also alludesto the potential economic impact for the Russian and worldeconomies should Russian R&D be harnessed to generateeconomic growth under the emerging market principles.