The papers published in this Special Issue include investigations and risk assessments of organic pollutants in multiple regions, providing a scientific basis for governments and businesses to formulate environmental policies and technological improvements. The toxicity mechanism research provides a foundation and reference for subsequent research. The review papers systematically summarize epidemiological investigation findings and delves into the mechanism of correlation between exposure to emerging pollutants and blood glucose imbalance. This Special Issue comprehensively reviews the development process of WQC in China and systematically provides an overview of WQC, its theoretical methods, and research progress for aquatic organism protection. Moreover, this Special Issue provides important references for subsequent research.