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Thepresentbookisbasedonthelecturesdeliveredbytheauthorinthepastfew yearsaspartoftheCriminalLawcourseoftheFacultyofLawattheOnoAcademic College. There has been little research on the principle of legality in modern criminallaw,althoughthisisoneofthemostancientlegalprinciplesofhuman society. In recent generations there have been several attempts to de?ne the principleconclusively,butonlywithregardtosomeofitsaspects. Nocompreh- sivede?nitionoftheprincipleoflegalityhasbeenattemptedtodate. Aconclusivede?nitionoftheprincipleoflegalityincriminallawrequiresboth anaccurateinward-lookingde?nitionoftheprincipleitself,andanoutward-lo- ingtreatmentofitsrelationwithcriminallawtheory. Onlyacoherenttheorythat includestheprincipleoflegalityasanintegralpartofcriminallawtheorycando justicetotheprincipleoflegality. Thisviewisconsistentwiththescienti?cconcept oflaw,whichregardsthelawaspartofscience. AModernTreatiseonthePrincipleofLegalityinCriminalLawisthereforea scienti?ctreatiseononeofthefourprinciplesofthecriminallaw. Thepresent treatiseisdividedintosixparts,accordingtothescienti?cunderstandingofthe principleoflegalityincriminallaw. Chapter1explorestherelationbetweenthe principleoflegalityandthegeneraltheoryofcriminallawinthecontextofthe structureandthedevelopmentoftheprincipleoflegalityinhumansociety. This chapter outlines the four secondary principles of the principle of legality, and describesthemingeneralterms. Chapters 2-Thepresentbookisbasedonthelecturesdeliveredbytheauthorinthepastfew yearsaspartoftheCriminalLawcourseoftheFacultyofLawattheOnoAcademic College. There has been little research on the principle of legality in modern criminallaw,althoughthisisoneofthemostancientlegalprinciplesofhuman society. In recent generations there have been several attempts to de?ne the principleconclusively,butonlywithregardtosomeofitsaspects. Nocompreh- sivede?nitionoftheprincipleoflegalityhasbeenattemptedtodate. Aconclusivede?nitionoftheprincipleoflegalityincriminallawrequiresboth anaccurateinward-lookingde?nitionoftheprincipleitself,andanoutward-lo- ingtreatmentofitsrelationwithcriminallawtheory. Onlyacoherenttheorythat includestheprincipleoflegalityasanintegralpartofcriminallawtheorycando justicetotheprincipleoflegality. Thisviewisconsistentwiththescienti?cconcept oflaw,whichregardsthelawaspartofscience. AModernTreatiseonthePrincipleofLegalityinCriminalLawisthereforea scienti?ctreatiseononeofthefourprinciplesofthecriminallaw. Thepresent treatiseisdividedintosixparts,accordingtothescienti?cunderstandingofthe principleoflegalityincriminallaw. Chapter1explorestherelationbetweenthe principleoflegalityandthegeneraltheoryofcriminallawinthecontextofthe structureandthedevelopmentoftheprincipleoflegalityinhumansociety. This chapter outlines the four secondary principles of the principle of legality, and describesthemingeneralterms. Chapters 2-5 discuss in detail each of the four secondary principles of the principleoflegality. Chapter 2discussesthelegitimatesourcesofthecriminal norm,Chap. 3discussestheapplicabilityofthecriminalnormintime,Chap. 4 discussestheapplicabilityofthecriminalnorminplaceandChap. 5discussesthe interpretationofthecriminalnorm. Eachofthefourchaptersconcludeswitha discussionofthecon?ictoflawsissuesrelevanttothesecondaryprincipleunder investigation. Finally,Chap. 6addressestheproblemofthecon?ictoflawswithin thecon?ictsoflawsandroundsoutthediscussion. ix x Preface IwishtothankOnoAcademicCollegeforsupportingthisproject,andespecially DeanofthefacultyoflawandvicechairmanDudiSchwartzforhisstaunchsupport onsomanyimportantoccasions. IthankGabrielLanyiforhiscommentsandAnke SeyfriedofSpringerHeidelbergforguidingthepublicationofthebookfromits inceptiontoitsconclusion. Finally,Iwishtothankmywifeanddaughtersforthe helpfuldiscussionsandsupporttheyofferedalongtheway. KiryatOno,June2010 GabrielHallevy Contents 1 TheMeaningandStructureofthePrincipleofLegality inCriminalLaw …1 1. 1 TheRoleofthePrincipleofLegalityintheCriminal LawTheory …1 1. 1. 1 TheBasicStructureofCriminalLawTheory …1 1. 1. 2 TheBasicStructureofthePrincipleofLegality inCriminalLaw …5 1. 2 DevelopmentofthePrincipleofLegalityinCriminalLaw andItsModernJusti?cations …8 2 TheLegitimateSourcesoftheCriminalNorm …15 2. 1 TheStructureoftheCriminalNormandItsIdenti?cation …16 2. 1. 1 ValidConditionalClauses …16 2. 1. 2 CriminalSanction …17 2. 1. 3 Classi?cationofOffencesBasedonContent …18 2. 2 TheLegalSourcesoftheCriminalNorm …20 2. 2. 1 GeneralPrinciples …20 2. 2. 2 LegalSources …33 2. 3 Con?ictofLawsBasedonLegitimateSources oftheCriminalNorm …46 3 ApplicabilityoftheCriminalNorminTime …49 3. 1 BasicDistinctions …49 3. 1. 1 DistinctionBetweenProceduralandSubstantive CriminalNorms …50 3. 1. 2 DistinctionBetweenRelevantPointsinTime …51 3. 1. 3 DistinctionBetweenContinuous,Temporary, andFragmentedCriminalNorms …55 3. 1. 4 DistinctionBetweenMitigatingandAggravating CriminalNorms …56 xi xii Contents 3. 2 ApplicabilityoftheProceduralCriminalNorminTime …58 3. 2. 1 TheGeneralRule …58 3. 2. 2 ApplicationoftheRule …61 3. 3 ApplicabilityinTimeoftheSubstantiveCriminalNorm …67 3. 3. 1 TheGeneralRule …67 3. 3. 2 ApplicationoftheRule …71 3. 4 Con?ictofLawsBasedonApplicabilityoftheCriminal NorminTime …78 4 TheApplicabilityoftheCriminalNorminPlace …81 4. 1 TheBasicDistinctions …81 4. 1. 1 DistinctionBetweenApplicabilityandJurisdiction inCriminalLaw …
