This volume is an offspring of the special semester Ergodic Theory, Geometric Rigidity and Number Theory held at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge, UK, from January until July, 2000. Some of the major recent developments in rigidity theory, geometric group theory, flows on homogeneous spaces and Teichmuller spaces, quasi-conformal geometry, negatively curved groups and spaces, Diophantine approximation, and bounded cohomology are presented here. The authors have given special consideration to making the papers accessible to graduate students, with most of the contributions starting at an introductory level and building up to presenting topics at the forefront in this active field of research. The volume contains surveys and original unpublished results as well, and is an invaluable source also for the experienced researcher.