Die Elementarteilchen Der Physik / Mathematische Analyse Von Formalstrukturen Von Werken Der Musik

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The elementary building bricks of matter have long been known: the elec- tron (1897), the proton (1911) and the neutron (1932); in addition, there was the quantum of radiation, the photon (1905), known to have a double nature with both wave and particle features. The bold idea (L. de Broglie, 1924) that streams of ordinary particles such as electrons should possess a similar double nature led to the development of wave mechanics; moreover, diffraction phenomena were found with beams of electrons, atoms and even molecules. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle causes us to distinguish between fermions which obey the Exclusion Principle ( no two equal particles in the same quantum state ), and bosons which do not. Another distinction is that all fermions possess a spin of h/4n, which is indestructible because in quantum theory the spin of a system can change only by whole multiples of h/2n. In 1928 Dirac showed that the spin is a consequence of describing the electron by the simplest linear wave equation that is relativistically invar- iant. A further consequence of his theory was the existence of positive elec- trons, which were indeed soon observed. After that it was expected that to any fermion there should exist an anti-particle, and this has been fully con- firmed in recent years.