This reprint focuses on marine nearshore biodiversity, a most significant portion of the total biodiversity of the marine biome and critical to overall global biodiversity. Collected research papers represent the major themes of biodiversity, biogeography, and species distributions, linked by the topics of species discovery, species loss, and habitat monitoring. The subjects of fisheries management, coral reef biodiversity, and extinction focus on some of the societal impacts on marine nearshore biodiversity. Biodiversity is surveyed using traditional methods and the innovative molecular tools evolving from the field of metagenomics. Besides being of interest to researchers, the vital information contained in this publication around the changing seascape of marine nearshore biodiversity will engage students, university teachers, and policy makers.