THE FOUNDING OF NEW ENGLAND BY JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS An Atlantic Monthly Press Book LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY BOSTON TORONTO COPYRIGHT 1921, 1949 BY JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRO DUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER, EXCEPT BY A REVIEWER WHO MAY QUOTE BRIEF PAS SAGES IN A REVIEW TO BE PRINTED IN A MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER. ATLANTIC-LITTLE, BROWN BOOKS ARE PUBLISHED BY LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY PRESS PRINTED IN THE UNITFD STATES OF AMERICA To A. L. A. 6402606 One duty that was always incumbent on the historian has now become a duty of deeper significance and stronger obli gation. Truth, and Truth only, is our aim. We are bound as historians to examine and record facts without favor or affection to our own nation or to any other. LORD BRYCE, Presidential Address, at the International Congress of Historical Studies, 191.3 PREFACE THE following account of the founding of New England is intended to serve as an introduction to the later history of that section, and to the study of its relations with other por tions of the Empire and with the mother-country, as well as of the sections influence upon the nation formed from such of the colonies as subsequently revolted. The book thus necessarily deals mainly with origins, discussing the discov ery and first settlement of the region the genesis of the relig ious and political ideas which there took root and flourished the geographic and other factors which shaped its economic development the beginnings of that English overseas em pire, of which it formed a part and the early formulation of thought on both sides of the Atlantic regardingimperial problems. There is no lack of detailed narratives, both of the entire period covered by the present volume and, on an even larger scale, of certain of its more important or dramatic episodes. New material brought to light within the past decade or two, however, has necessitated a revaluation of many former judgments, as well as changes in selection and emphasis. Moreover, our general accounts do not, for the most part, adequately treat of those economic and imperial relations which are of fundamental importance for the one outstand ing fact concerning any American colony in the colonial period is that it was a dependency, and formed merely a part of a larger and more comprehensive imperial and economic organi zation. Consequently, the evolution of such a colony can be viewed correctly only when it is seen against the background of the economic and imperial conditions and theories of the time. While the author, accordingly, has endeavored to place the local story in its proper imperial setting, he has endeavored also x PREFACE to distinguish between its various elements, and to display the conflicting forces at work in the colonies themselves. The old conception of New England history, according to which that section was considered to have been settled by persecuted religious refugees, devoted to liberty of conscience, who, in the disputes with the mother-country, formed a united mass of liberty-loving patriots unanimously opposed to an unmitigated tyranny, has, happily, for many years, been passing. In his own narrative of the facts, based upon a fresh study of the sources, the author has tried to indicate that economic as well as religious factors played a very considerablepart in the great migration during the early settlement period, in the course of which over sixty-five thousand Englishmen left their homes for various parts of the New World, of which number approximately only four thousand were to join the New England churches…