Rome was the destination of a significant number of Irish migrants in the early 17th century, including Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone. This collection, the 4th in the Irish in Europe Series and the fruit of the 2007 conference hosted by the Irish College, Rome, looks at the factors pushing them abroad and attracting them to Rome. Contents include: Richard Adams Marks (St Andrews), Scots in the Italian Peninsula during the Thirty Years War * Martin Stone (U Leuven), Irish Scotists in the 17th century * Ruairi O hoiginn (NUIM), Irish literature in Flanders * Colm Lennon (NUIM), The flight of the earls in Spanish-British diplomacy * Grainne McLaughlin (UU), Aristotle, Greco-Roman imagery, and the Irish in Europe * Joe Bergin (U Manchester), The Europe that the earls encountered * Ciaran Brady (TCD), Flight of the earls * Jason Harris (UCC), Thomas Dempster and the theft of Irish saints * David Edwards (UCC), Garrisoning of Ulster after Kinsale * Carla Benocci (U Rome), Baroque Rome and Ulster earls.