Foundations of Genetic Engineering: Provide a comprehensive overview of the principles and techniques of genetic engineering, including gene editing, recombinant DNA technology, and synthetic biology. Applications in Biotechnology: Explore the diverse applications of genetic engineering in biotechnology, including the production of recombinant proteins, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene therapy, and genetic testing. Ethical and Societal Implications: Discuss the ethical, social, and environmental implications of genetic engineering, including concerns about genetic privacy, genetic discrimination, ecological risks, and the equitable distribution of benefits and risks. Emerging Technologies and Trends: Examine emerging technologies and trends in genetic engineering, such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, gene drives, gene synthesis, and personalized medicine, and their potential impact on society and human health. Regulatory Frameworks and Governance: Provide an overview of the regulatory frameworks and governance mechanisms governing genetic engineering research and applications, including national and international regulations, ethical guidelines, and public engagement processes.