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Surgery is a medical specialty which uses manual and instrumental techniques for investigating or treating a pathological condition such as disease or injury. This is done to improve bodily function and appearance, or repair unwanted ruptured areas. A surgical procedure is characterized by the use of anesthesia and surgical instruments, the maintenance of a highly sterile environment, and the act of suturing and stapling. Surgeries can be invasive or noninvasive. Laparoscopic surgery or angioplasty is a minimally-invasive surgery, while laparotomy is an open surgical procedure. Surgeries can also be classified based on their purpose, timing, body part that is excised, the type of procedure and the equipment used. Orthopedic surgery is performed on bones or muscles, while cardiac surgery is performed on the heart. Anesthesia can be local or provided as general anesthesia based on the procedure. Spinal anesthesia is administered when the surgical site is too deep or large for a local block. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the techniques of surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of surgical practices are examined in detail. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.
