Physical activity is the most important strategy in any program aimed at preventing or reducing childhood obesity. In addition to its positive health benefits, research on physical activity among children also suggests a strong correlation between children’s fitness and their academic performance, as measured by grades in core subjects and scores on standardised tests. Moreover, some experts contend that physical activity provides both personal and social benefits, including the development of leadership skills and increased self-esteem. Schools are uniquely positioned to be an access point for students to engage in physical activity through physical education classes and sports teams. This book examines the association between school-based physical activity and academic performance, including indicators of cognitive skills and attitudes, academic behaviours, and academic achievement; and the corresponding health benefits.