For almost two decades now, the carbon nanomaterial (CNM) system has persistently provided researchers the opportunity for spectacular new discoveries, significant advances in fundamental and applied science, and the development of disruptive technologies and applications. The rich allotropicity of carbon bonding can explain the broad use of carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), diamond, fullerenes, and more recently graphene. Today’s research community continues to discover and harness new low-dimensional carbon allotropes, perhaps at a historically unprecedented rate. These exciting developments and others are covered in this volume and will be relevant and useful when carrying out fundamental research in the areas of carbon nanoscience and 2D systems.