From Chapter I: The history of the Reformation, especially in England, is the history of one of the most complex movements in in the history of Europe. The great changes of the sixteenth century were the results of many forces, closely, no doubt, interrelated, but yet diverse in their character. And yet it is but a superficial judgment which fails to perceive that below all the complex forces of the Reformation there lay one great force, – the force of the revival of religion, a passion which possessed men for the recovery of a more spiritual, and therefore a more free and spontaneous, religious life. The characters of the men who played the greater parts in this movement are often as perplexing as the movement itself.