In the spring of 1851 nine members of the Oatman family set out for California on the old Santa Fe Trail. Seventy miles from the California border they were attacked by Indians, who killed the entire family except a boy, Lorenzo (mistakenly left for dead), and two girls, Ann and Olive. The girls were taken into captivity, soon to be sold to other Indians farther west. Lorenzo, though badly wounded, regained consciousness and found his way back to a trail, where he received help. As soon as he was able, he began to search for his sisters.

R. B. Stratton's narrative, based on interviews with the Oatmans, vividly describes the Oatman family, their fateful journey, the killings, the girls' time in captivity, and Lorenzo's search for them. Olive Oatman's account of her captivity provided one of the earliest descriptions of life in Indian villages of the Southwest.

When first published in 1857, Captivity of the Oatman Girls became a sensational bestseller, which encouraged Stratton to enlarge the book. This Bison Books edition includes the entirety of that enlarged edition, plus a new foreword by Billy J. Stratton, which provides historical context for the captivity story and places it within the American literary tradition that resulted from violent encounters between would-be colonizers and Indigenous groups fighting for their lands.