The major controversial issues facing K-12 education will be identified, discussed in terms of pros and cons, and then discussed in relation to valid empirical and basic research that is available in the literature. Emphasis is placed on the major influence that controversy has on school education programs and student learning. The primary pros and cons for each major controversy will be explained. The reader will be able to determine just how the controversial issues weigh heavily on school program success and student learning. Although it will be difficult to reach a final recommendation of solution, the available research and reader’s ability to become familiar with the differences involved will lead to a better understanding of why the controversies tend to go on and on.