G. W. S. Barrow describes the evolution of Scottish kingship and government during the first three centuries of the second millennium, in the process examining the character of Scottish feudalism and the manner of its imposition. He discusses the social, economic and political changes of the period, with separate chapters on the expansion of towns and trade, the role of the church, and advances in education and learning. A sense of national identity had, he argues, become sufficiently strong by the end of the 13th century for the country to survive humiliation by Edward I and to reunite under Robert Bruce. With Bruce’s coronation as Robert I in 1306 this richly detailed and readable account of Scotland’s formative period comes to an end.