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Non-wire solutions/alternatives (NWS/NWA) & non-pipe solutions (NPS) are the latest buzzwords in the energy world; this book will provide a high-level summary of the electric power system, focusing on common distribution systems and how accommodating different designs are to Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). Whether you live in a summer or winter peaking state, it's all about the peak hour. Billions are spent to ensure that the electric system can meet the forecast peak load in a reliable and resilient manner. Wires/pipes & other equipment were added to the grid to provide traditional transmission and distribution load relief: substation transformer upgrades, load transfers, cables/wires replacements, building a new substation, etc. Nowadays, it's all about energy efficiency, demand-side management, demand response, solar, energy storage, fuel cells, peak shaving, wind, non-wire solutions, customer-sited solutions, etc. Before attempting to shave the peak, it is beneficial to understand the characteristics of the peak. There are 8,760 hours in a year; your task is to reduce the load for one hour only, or so you thought. This book will provide all the needed info to fully understand the peak day characteristics and not just the peak hour, by providing several load curves highlighting commercial, residential, and industrial peaks. Concerning renewables, this book will focus on solar, providing small & large solar output curves during sunny and cloudy days and the solar performance during system peak. This book will also provide detailed NWS examples utilizing the utility/Independent System Operator/Regional Transmission Operator's demand response & vehicle 2 grid alternatives to shave the peak. Readers will also learn about the latest challenge to the distribution system, the frequency market energy storage, and how those assets are constantly changing state from charging to discharging. After reading this book, the reader will be able to conclude whether the electric system can survive in the future by relying solely on non-wire solutions or in conjunction with other traditional load relief measures, the role of power plants, i.e. nuclear & the environmental push against natural gas use which will impact fuel-cells and distributed generation. The reader will also learn about the system peak, solar performance during the peak, effectiveness of demand response programs, and distribution designs that are more accommodating to DERs and others that are not.
