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From the Classical Period until the Seventeenth century, the study of warfare was practiced predominantly using the vehicle of history. The scientific revolution, ushered in by Newtonian laws, had a major impact on Western military thinking. By believing in the power of reductionism, planners were taught to decompose problems into their constituent parts and solve them, almost in isolation. This analysis was followed by a synthesis of the constituent parts in order to solve the problem. Newtonian science began to falter at the beginning of the Twentieth century with the advent of systems theory. Complexity theory developed from the study of complex adaptive systems that exhibited a self-organizing capability that prevented them from slipping into chaos. A complex system adapts to its surroundings and learns from its interactions. This learning enables the system to maximize its position vis-a-vis its environment and can lead to an emergence of a new and unexpected system that cannot be predicted from the original elements. These new sciences stress non-linearity and the need to view problems holistically. The United States, by developing some of the best-trained and technologically equipped soldiers in the world, has exponentially reduced the chance of it fighting a high intensity conflict in the near or medium future. Ironically, the mastery of this type of warfare has forced others to alter their conduct of warfare. There has been a resurgence in challenges by non-state actors, something not seen for centuries. Military Operations exhibit the signs indicative of complex behavior. Despite recognizing the change in the environment and the enemy, US Army doctrine is still rooted in the symmetrical battle concept and many current theoretical models do not adequately deal with the increasing complexity of war, including the concept of operational shock. Because of the mechanistic reductionism, the models do not lend themselves to future combat situations where emergen
