In this thought-provoking address, the author examines the complex and often contentious relationship between medicine and surgery in Western history up to the 16th century. Drawing on his extensive knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology, as well as his expertise as a clinician and teacher, the author highlights the key moments and figures in the evolution of these two interconnected fields of study. He also reflects on the social, cultural, and political factors that have shaped the practice of medicine and surgery over time, and considers their implications for modern healthcare.

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