The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction–nuclear, chemical and biological–and the means for their delivery at ever longer ranges has emerged as a leading issue in the post-Cold War debate about international security and as a prominent concern of U.S. policymakers and Army planners. Nowhere are the effects of proliferation trends felt more keenly than around the Mediterranean, where the European and Middle Eastern security environments meet, and where NATO allies are increasingly exposed to the spillover effects of instability to the south. This analysis explores proliferation trends in North Africa and the Levant (the Eastern Mediterranean and its hinterlands), the motives of proliferators around the region, and the implications for European security and for U.S., NATO, and Army policy.