These three wisdom books that Patrick Edwin Moran has translated were anonymously authored around the time of Confucius, though some textual evidence indicates that they were written down sometime during the late Zhou dynasty to the early years of the Han dynasty. Moran’s commentaries are not meant to substitute for careful reading of the original texts, but to provide additional information and enhance the literary experience of the original. Also included is a pronunciation guide for all Chinese terms that appear in the book.