Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West with Colonel Fremont’s Last Expedition

The first Jewish writer to publish accounts of the Great American West and was also one of the first people to photograph the American West In August 1853, an American-born Sephardic Jew, Solomon Nunes Carvalho, accepted John Fremont’s invitation to join his fifth expedition to find the best overland route to California. A Baltimore artist, inventor, and daguerreotypist, Carvalho was given the job of creating a photographic record of the lands and peoples along the way. Fremont’s party left the Missouri on September 14, 1853, traveled up the Kansas River, overland to the Arkansas, upriver past Bent’s Fort to the Huerfano, and traversed the Sandhill Pass into the Rocky Mountains. Beset by heavy snows and intense cold, they were reduced to eating their horses and mules and the occasional beaver or porcupine while making their way in midwinter across the Grand, Green, and Sevier Rivers. Suffering from frostbite, scurvy, and dysentery, Carvalho left the expedition in Utah, spent four months among the Mormons in Salt Lake City, where he observed with keen interest their system of spiritual wives, and reached California in 1854.