Legendary Figures: Ancient History in Modern Novels

Legendary Figures examines revolutionary views of the past that have played a crucial role in European and American literature of the last 150 years. Clayton Koelb traces these new approaches to history through an impressive range of novels, from Flaubert’s Salammbo to Christa Wolf’s Cassandra. Koelb argues that this new historical sense, which arose in the mid-nineteenth century, gained eloquent expression in Flaubert’s writings. What is crucial about the new historical sense is that it views the past as essentially alien and other. The connection between past and present may be powerful, but it is always indirect and difficult to negotiate. As a result, the past seems exotic and unattainable, the object of nostalgia and desire. Koelb distinguishes this sense of history, with its persistent discontinuities between past and present, from the more continuous and progressive views of history of novelists like Sir Walter Scott and such philosophers as Hegel, Marx, and Lukacs. In their writings, history proceeds according to the laws of cause and effect, and each epoch can be understood as both the result of the previous one and the cause of the next. In contrast, the modernist writers that Koelb examines–Flaubert, Pater, Mann, Broch, Wilder, Yourcenar, and Wolf–imagine a past that is mythic and legendary and thus a metaphor for everything distant, complicated, unattainable, and unknowable. Clayton Koelb is Guy B. Johnson Professor of German and Comparative Literature at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He is the author of Inventions of Reading: Rhetoric and the Literary Imagination and other books.