When anti-colonial revolts broke out in Spain’s American colonies in the early 1800’s, the United States were divided as to what position to take. Proximity and America’s own anti-colonial ethos favored sympathy with the rebel cause, yet U.S. strategic interests during the tumultuous Napoleonic Wars dictated a policy of neutrality.

When rebel provinces appealed to the U.S. seeking support, arms, or recognition and launched armed assaults on Spanish territory and shipping from U.S. soil, the situation became critical. American political and public opinion split sharply. Could the untested rebels lead their provinces toward responsible, republican governments? Could the U.S. compromise its traditional and vital neutrality? Meanwhile, rebel agents waged a behind-the-scenes struggle with Spanish diplomats and spies for U.S. political and military assets.