During the Renaissance, the monarchy rose to become the dominant form of power in Europe. This dynamic epoch produced formidable sovereigns who crushed the feudal rights of nobles, defended the Catholic Church against the encroachments of the Protestant Reformation, fought self-aggrandizing wars, and were patrons of art, architecture, literature, and music. The period witnessed celebrated monarchs like Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Francis I, and Charles V, as well as others who had a significant impact on European history, including Richard III, Isabella, and James IV. This biographical narrative chronicles the lives and reigns of the 42 sovereigns in England, Scotland, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire between 1400 and 1600. Presented here in the context of their era are the personalities, the accomplishments, and the failures of these monarchs.