This is an institutional history of Scotland’s 18th century legal community. How important can a court and its members be in influencing the development of a country? In Scotland’s case, the answer is surprising. The remarkable metamorphosis of eighteenth-century Edinburgh, from crisis conditions in the 1690s through the Union to the intellectual heights of Enlightenment and the development of the spectacular New Town, owed a great deal to those who spent their professional lives working in the Court of Session as members of the unique institution known as the College of Justice. James Boswell, Lord Kames, Henry Dundas and Walter Scott are just some of those who emerged from the College to influence Scotland’s place in Europe. This study investigates the important role of College members in the cultural and economic flowering of Scotland as a whole, and Edinburgh in particular. It argues that a single Law institution had a marked influence on the Scottish cultural landscape to the present day. It is an original study making use of a range of manuscript sources. No existing work has made such extensive use of session papers or has looked at the manuscript town council minutes of Edinburgh in such depth for legal historical purposes. It reveals the working milieu within which Scots law developed at a key period following the parliamentary Union of 1707 as Scots law consolidated itself as one of the world’s few mixed jurisdictions. It shows the development of Edinburgh’s history as an example of community interaction in an urban setting in comparison to courts across Europe and elsewhere.