The EC population grew by 17 per cent during 1960-90 but will fall by 2 per cent by 2025. The dramatic growth in the number of Europe’s pensioners and the rapid aging of its working population may call for active policies to improve the quantity or quality of the labor force. In this volume, demographers and labor economists investigate these options by comparing recent demographic and labor market developments in Western and Eastern Europe with those in the United States and Japan.