The role of gender in shaping social policy is one of considerable interest and debate. Current controversy over the nature and funding of the welfare state has reopened historical issues and controversies. This text deals primarily with the century before the creation of the classic welfare state in Britain. It provides an introduction to an historical era which saw a huge expansion in welfare services, both state and voluntary, and during which women emerged as significant consumers and providers of various measures. It also discusses how and why gender was important in shaping modern welfare provision. The contributors address issues which should appeal to students on courses in social policy, gender studies and social history.