there is currently no handbook that focuses specifically on environmental movements rather than social movements or political theory a go-to reference point for international work in the field, which provides critical reviews and appraisals of the current state of the art and future development of conceptual and theoretical approaches as well as empirical knowledge and understanding of environmental movements and activism engages with and reflects upon the causes and consequences of citizens’ participation in environmental movements and activities Except for chapters that address purely theoretical issues, the chapters all make use of empirical evidence for illustrative purposes