There is no question that opioid use disorder has become the fastest growing, serious, and far-reaching public health crisis facing our nation today. The growing and unprecedented opioid epidemic is a critical issue for public health and medical care throughout the country. Provisional estimates suggest that nearly 65,000 Americans died from a drug overdose in 2016, a 21% increase from the previous year and at a level higher than occurred during the peak years for deaths from HIV infection and automobile fatalities.

Nearly half of opioid overdose deaths are related to medications obtained legally by prescription, sparking deep concern among leaders in the health care sector. The need is clear for clinicians, as the "gatekeepers" of opioid prescriptions, and as the front line in facilitating access to treatment for addiction, to work together with state and community leaders to reduce the impact of opioid misuse on American communities.

At the request of the National Governors Association, the National Academy of Medicine convened a group of experts and field leaders to explore clinicians' roles in addressing opioid misuse and addiction. The resulting Special Publication is informed by, and builds on, initiatives and guidelines that have been stewarded by various stakeholder organizations providing leadership in addressing these issues. In the midst of evolving understanding of and experience in pain management and substance abuse, the authors offer to clinicians a set of axioms applicable both to responsible, appropriate opioid prescribing practices, and to recognition and treatment of substance use disorder. Also underscored are actions that clinicians can take to improve their skills and effectiveness in the face of the growing need, including leadership engagement to ensure that communities have the resources and tools that clinicians require to fulfill their responsibilities.

Table of Contents

Front Matter Introduction What Is the Magnitude of the Opioid Epidemic? Which Opioids Are Most Commonly Involved in Overdose Deaths? What Are the Associated Characteristics of Those with Opioid Use Disorder? How Does the Opioid Epidemic Impact Our Families and Our Communities? What Has Driven the Epidemic? Are Effective Pain Management and Opioid Crisis Mitigation Competing Priorities? What Guidance and Assistance Is Available from Professional and Policy Organizations? What Are Primary Clinician Opportunities to Counter the Opioid Epidemic and Its Consequences? Summary Messages: Calling the Nation's Clinicians to Action References Appendix A: Action Resources Appendix B: Author Biosketches