The second series of van Leeuwen’s Gifford Lectures examines the young Karl Marx’s developing thought, of importance to those studying Marx and those involved in Marxist-Christian dialogue. The author examines the transmutation from the critique of heaven into the critique of earth. His thesis is that Marx’s critique of religion is seen not in his opposition to religion , but in his ideas on political economy. This thesis is undergirded with analysis of Marx’s critique of political economy from 1842 to Das Kapital . Marx’s biography works itself out at three levels of critique: from religion via politics to political economy. Das Kapital sums up the whole of Marx’s thought. The analysis of the mystical character of commodities is both the key to the critique of Christianity, with its cult of abstract man , and the key to the critique of political economy, the fetishism of which emerges clear as the noon-day, whenever it has to do with capital .