Cell biology delves into the structure and function of cells and their organelles, emphasizing genome organization and gene regulation. Techniques such as gene mapping and sequencing, along with the study of cell cycles and apoptosis, highlight cellular dynamics. Cell signaling explores pathways and receptors, with secondary messengers like cyclic AMP and calcium ions playing crucial roles. Genomic and proteomic tools, including PCR and recombinant DNA technology, advance our understanding and manipulation of genetic material, while pharmacogenomics and cell culture techniques enhance personalized medicine and therapeutic applications.