This text presents a methodological analysis of the two competing research paradigms of artificial intelligence and cognitive science: the symbolic versus the connectionist paradigm. It argues that much of the discussion put forward for either paradigm misses the point: most of the arguments in the debates on the two paradigms concentrate on the question whether the nature of intelligence or cognition is properly accommodated by one or the other paradigm. Opposed to that is the analysis in this book, which concentrates on the question of which paradigm accommodates the user of a developed theory or technique. The user may be an engineer or a scientist, in any case, the user has to be able to grasp the theory and to competently use the methods which are developed. Consequently, besides the nature of intelligence and cognition, the user must be the focus of the debate on the proper paradigm. From the relationship between the mental capacities of the user and certain aspects of the nature of intelligence and cognition, the book derives objectives for future research which should help to integrate aspects of both paradigms to obtain more powerful artificial intelligence techniques and to promote a deeper understanding of cognition. The book presents the fundamental ideas of both the symbolic as well as the connectionist paradigm. Along with an introduction to the philosophical foundations, an exposition of some of the typical techniques of each paradigm is presented in the first two parts. This is followed by the mentioned analysis of the two paradigms in the third part. The book is intended for researchers, practitioners, advanced students and interested observers of the developing fields of artificial intelligence and cognitive science. Providing accessible introductions to the basic ideas of both paradigms, it is also suitable as a textbook for a subject on the topic at an advanced level in computer science, philosophy, cognitive science, or psychology.