Setting out the problems in defining indigenous peoples, this report gives a general overview of these groups in the Philippines, including their demographic profile, distribution, and sociocultural features. The state’s policies toward ethnic minorities, the national dimensions of indigenous peoples’ poverty, and their perspectives on poverty and development are also presented. Poverty assessments of the indigenous communities in the Cordillera and Mindanao regions are given, with a review of programs and projects for indigenous development by government and international aid agencies.