This second stocktaking report reviews advances over the year of 2007, assesses some of the most important actions and changes for children affected by AIDS. It also finds important gains in the areas of the ‘Four Ps’ the goals of the Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS initiative: prevent mother-to-children transmission of HIV; provide pediatric treatment; prevent infection among adolescents and young people; and protect and support children affected by HIV and AIDS. In addition, it also focuses on three major themes: strengthening communities and families; strong health, education and social welfare systems; and the challenge of measurement.