After the first conference of the ISC Theory in Florence 2007, Values and Criteria in Heritage Preservation, the Vienna Conference in 2008 was planned as a commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary of Alois Riegl. The volume honours his work with contributions of: Wilfried Lipp, Michael S. Falser, Paolo Del Bianco, Niels Gutschow, Jukka Jokilehto, Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard, Peter Burman, Andreas Lehne, Ursula Schadler-Saub, Bogusl? aw Szmygin, Andrzej Tomaszewski, Duncan Marshall, Zbigniew Kobylin'ski, Christoph Machat, Irmela Spelsberg, Natalia Dushkina, Erzsebet Kovacs, Jorg Haspel, Gamini Wijesuriya, Giora Solar, Dinu Bumbaru, Eduard Sekler. Table of Contents: Prefaces by Wilfried Lipp & Michael S. Falser, Paolo Del Bianco Foreword of the Cluster of Excellence Asia and Europe in a Global Context, by Niels Gutschow Pillars of conservation. Reflections on its European roots: The idea of conservation. An overview - Viollet-le-Duc and his followers. French theories in the 19th and the 20th centuries - Ruskin’s children. John Ruskin, the ‘Good Steward’, and his influence today - Georg Dehio, Alois Riegl, Max Dvor?ak - a threshold in theory development - Teoria e metodologia del restauro. Italian contributions to conservation in theory and practice Doctrinal texts in review. From European standards to global issues: Formal analysis of doctrinal texts in heritage protection - From Athens 1931 to Venice 1964. History and actuality - From Venice 1964 to Nara 1994 - changing concepts of authenticity? - The Burra Charter in an international context - the implications of international doctrine for practice in Australia Perspectives from the ICOMOS Scientific Committees: Contemporary archaeological heritage management: conflicts between research, preservation and presentation - The vernacular between theory and practice - Cultural landscape - an expanding notion and its challenges for conservation - The challenge of change and the 20th-century heritage - Theoretical and practical issues of conservation in the context of tourism Conservation philosophy in today’s transcultural reality: Contrast versus context. A conflict between the authenticity of the past and the authenticity of the present? - Conservation in context - Conservation and religion - Communities, communications, conservation philosophy - The cult of authenticity in the age of fake - In praise of principles Dedicated to Alois Riegl in the 150th anniversary of his birth / An Alois Riegl gewidmet an seinem 150. Geburtstag (1858-1905).