Syphilis is a systemic disease exclusive to humans, caused by Treponema pallidum, a sexually and vertically transmitted spirochete bacterium that can occur at any stage of pregnancy. It has been known since the 15th century and its studies have covered all medical specialties. The main route of transmission of syphilis is sexual contact, followed by vertical contact with the fetus during the pregnancy of a mother with the disease who has not undergone treatment or has done so inadequately. The presentation of signs and symptoms is variable and complex. When left untreated, it progresses to more serious forms which can affect the nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract. In this paper, we analyze the incidence of congenital syphilis in three municipalities in western S?o Paulo over the last six years and, through a literature review, we reinforce the role of nursing in guidance, intervention and prevention of syphilis.