This monograph is an author’s extract from a previously published book by N.V.Guseva, co-authored with V.S.Voznyak (The Dialectics of Spiritual Reality. Philosophical-Methodological Studies and Memoirs as Points of Spiritual Perspectives: Monograph / Edited by N.V. Guseva. - Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2016. - 373 .). The proposed work examines the current state of the art in modern psychology. L.S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical concept has not yet been properly realized due to the mass predominance of empirical approaches and research methods in psychology, which are in no way subordinated to the logic of dialectical-methodological reflection. Moreover, due to the widespread preoccupation with a positivist understanding of methodology itself, an empiricist-typical tendency is becoming increasingly entrenched, which does not contribute in any way to the development of psychology as a science. A dialectical-logical analysis of modern psychology and the methodological problems present in it points towards a positive influence of L.S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical concept on the subsequent development of psychological science.