This Special Issue offers a systematical review and in-depth summary of the most recent advances in carbon neutrality technology and symmetry principles within the fields of power engineering and engineering thermophysics. The research papers gathered in this Special Issue cover a wide range of topics, including, but not limited to, aero-engine experimental equipment, the behavior of internal flow, engine control system design, the detailed analysis of engine performance, combustion emission control technology, improvements in the efficiency of electricity systems, and vehicle drag reduction measures. Furthermore, the studies featured here adopt a variety of research methods, such as numerical simulations, experimental research, and machine learning, reflecting a multidimensional approach to addressing complex engineering challenges. The overarching aim of this Special Issue is to offer fresh perspectives and innovative methodologies that can be applied to the pressing problems currently facing the industry, through delving deep into the optimization and refinement of crucial technologies. In presenting these latest outstanding research findings, we aspire to inspire further collaboration among scholars, researchers, and engineers to contribute to the sustainable growth and advancement of science, technology, and industry. We are devoted to providing new solutions that support global carbon neutrality goals and foster technological innovation for a greener future with this shared knowledge.