This study systematically investigates the development process, major characteristics and weak links of China’s poverty alleviation experience and conducts a comparative analysis of poverty alleviation cases. It also accurately presents the internal logic and core elements of China’s poverty alleviation theory and taking the Chinese experience of poverty alleviation refines the Two Threads One Force theoretical framework to make a basic judgment of the China model for poverty alleviation. It also presents the rationale and plans for responding to new challenges to achieve poverty alleviation goals, which will enhance the welfare of the people and promote social progress and national prosperity.